Problem : Minimum Steps to One
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Problem Statement: On a positive integer, you can perform any one of the following 3 steps.
1.) Subtract 1 from it. ( n = n - 1 ) ,
2.) If its divisible by 2, divide by 2. ( if n % 2 == 0 , then n = n / 2 ) ,
3.) If its divisible by 3, divide by 3. ( if n % 3 == 0 , then n = n / 3 ). Now the question is, given a positive integer n, find the minimum number of steps that takes n to 1
eg: 1.)For n = 1 , output: 0 2.) For n = 4 , output: 2 ( 4 /2 = 2 /2 = 1 ) 3.) For n = 7 , output: 3 ( 7 -1 = 6 /3 = 2 /2 = 1 )
Approach / Idea: One can think of greedily choosing the step, which makes n as low as possible and conitnue the same, till it reaches 1. If you observe carefully, the greedy strategy doesn't work here. Eg: Given n = 10 , Greedy --> 10 /2 = 5 -1 = 4 /2 = 2 /2 = 1 ( 4 steps ). But the optimal way is --> 10 -1 = 9 /3 = 3 /3 = 1 ( 3 steps ). So, we need to try out all possible steps we can make for each possible value of n we encounter and choose the minimum of these possibilities.
It all starts with recursion :). F(n) = 1 + min{ F(n-1) , F(n/2) , F(n/3) } if (n>1) , else 0 ( i.e., F(1) = 0 ) . Now that we have our recurrence equation, we can right way start coding the recursion. Wait.., does it have over-lapping subproblems ? YES. Is the optimal solution to a given input depends on the optimal solution of its subproblems ? Yes... Bingo ! its DP :) So, we just store the solutions to the subproblems we solve and use them later on, as in memoization.. or we start from bottom and move up till the given n, as in dp. As its the very first problem we are looking at here, lets see both the codes.
Memoization
[code]
int memo[n+1]; // we will initialize the elements to -1 ( -1 means, not solved it yet )
int getMinSteps ( int n )
{
if ( n == 1 ) return 0; // base case
if( memo[n] != -1 ) return memo[n]; // we have solved it already :)
int r = 1 + getMinSteps( n - 1 ); // '-1' step . 'r' will contain the optimal answer finally
if( n%2 == 0 ) r = min( r , 1 + getMinSteps( n / 2 ) ) ; // '/2' step
if( n%3 == 0 ) r = min( r , 1 + getMinSteps( n / 3 ) ) ; // '/3' step
memo[n] = r ; // save the result. If you forget this step, then its same as plain recursion.
return r;
}
[/code]
Bottom-Up DP
[code]
int getMinSteps ( int n )
{
int dp[n+1] , i;
dp[1] = 0; // trivial case
for( i = 2 ; i < = n ; i ++ )
{
dp[i] = 1 + dp[i-1];
if(i%2==0) dp[i] = min( dp[i] , 1+ dp[i/2] );
if(i%3==0) dp[i] = min( dp[i] , 1+ dp[i/3] );
}
return dp[n];
}
[/code]
Both the approaches are fine. But one should also take care of the lot of over head involved in the function calls in Memoization, which may give StackOverFlow error or TLE rarely.
Reference : http://www.codechef.com/wiki/tutorial-dynamic-programming
